TECHNOLOGY
SnapshotNIR uses NIR (Near-Infrared) light to determine tissue oxygenation saturation (StO2), a key indicator of tissue health. NIR light penetrates ~2-3mm into tissue, making it ideal for microcirculation assessment, where oxygen exchange is happening.
NIR light is very useful in detecting oxygenated and deoxygenated blood, which conveys a comprehensive picture of tissue health and the healing capacity of acute and chronic wounds.
NIR spectrum light passes harmlessly through skin and is reflected off the blood supplying the tissuE
NIR light is mainly absorbed by hemoglobin and water
Wavelength dependent light absorption of hemoglobin differs if it is carrying oxygen from when it is not, therefore detecting oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
Research
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Browse the latest research where you can see the evidence for NIRS technology and use of SnapshotNIR.
wound care
2024
Andersen, C., & Reiter, H. (2024). Redefining wound healing using near-infrared spectroscopy. Advances in Skin & Wound Care. https://journals.lww.com/aswcjournal/fulltext/9900/redefining_wound_healing_using_near_infrared.45.aspx
Cole, W., & Woodmansey, E. (2024). Monitoring the effect of continuous topical oxygen therapy with near-infrared spectroscopy: A pilot case series in wound healing. Index Wounds, 36(5), 154–159. https://doi.org/10.25270/wnds/23150
Suludere, M. A., Tarricone, A., Najafi, B., Rogers, L., Siah, M. C., Kang, G. E., & Lavery, L. A. (2024). Near-infrared spectroscopy data for foot skin oxygen saturation in healthy subjects. PubMed. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38415898/
2021
Arnold, J., & Marmolejo, V. L. (2021). Interpretation of near-infrared imaging in acute and chronic wound care. Diagnostics, 11(5). https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics11050768
Cole, W., Coe, S., Maislin, G., & Marmolejo, V. L. (2021). A non-invasive focused extracorporeal shock wave therapy system promotes increased tissue oxygen saturation in chronic wounds in persons with diabetes. American Journal of Nursing Science, 10(3), 166–172. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajns.20211003.18
Hall, Y., & Shah, J. B. (2021). Hyperbaric oxygen therapy improves microcirculatory oxygenation in problem wounds over the course of successive treatments. The Symposium on Advanced Wound Care (SAWC), CR-041.
Killeen, A. L., La Fontaine, J., & Lavery, L. A. (2021). Use of Fitzpatrick scale in hyperspectral imaging of the foot: A normative data cohort. The Symposium on Advanced Wound Care (SAWC), CR-008.
Stratman, S., Schneider, C., Lev-Tov, H., & Kirsner, R. S. (2021). Functional imaging in wounds: Imaging modalities of today and tomorrow. Surgical Technology International, 38.
Wahab, N., & Lapucha, M. A. (2021). Clinical applications of near-infrared spectroscopy in the modern wound care clinic. Today’s Wound Clinic®, 15(2).
Zulbaran-Rojas, A., Park, C., Lepow, B., & Najafi, B. (2021). Effectiveness of lower-extremity electrical stimulation to improve skin perfusion. Journal of the American Podiatric Medical Association, 20–172. https://doi.org/10.7547/20-172
2020
Aung, B. (2020). Can multispectral imaging aid in wound care and limb salvage? Podiatry Today. https://www.podiatrytoday.com/blogged/can-multispectral-imaging-aid-wound-care-and-limb-salvage
Cole, W., & Coe, S. (2020). Assessing DFU perfusion: A case comparison of the tried & true and the novel & new. Today’s Wound Clinic®, 14(5), 8–10.
Landsman, A. (2020). Visualization of wound healing progression with near-infrared spectroscopy: A retrospective study. Wounds, 32(10), 265–271.
Longobardi, P., Hartwig, V., Santarella, L., Hoxha, K., Campos, J., Laurino, M., Salvo, P., Trivella, M. G., Coceani, F., Rocco, M., & L’Abbate, A. (2020). Potential markers of healing from near-infrared spectroscopy imaging of venous leg ulcer: A randomized controlled clinical trial comparing conventional with hyperbaric oxygen treatment. Wound Repair and Regeneration.
Serena, T. E., Yaskow, R., Serena, L., Mayhugh, T., & Harrell, K. (2020). Comparing near infrared spectroscopy and transcutaneous oxygen measurement in hard-to-heal wounds: A pilot study. Journal of Wound Care; WUWHS Supplement, 29(6), S4–S10.
Singh, D., Chopra, K., Sabino, J., & Brown, E. (2020). Practical things you should know about wound healing and vacuum-assisted closure management. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 145(4), 839e–854e.
2019
Cole, W. (2019). The use of non-invasive pulsed acoustic cellular expression to promote angiogenesis in chronic wounds. Poster presented at the American Podiatric Medical Association Conference (The National).
Ersen, A., Myers, R. T., Hirschman, G. B., Monga, A., Quiben, M., Salem, Y., Lavery, L. A., & Yavuz, M. (2019). Temperature regulation of the diabetic foot and its effects on oxygen saturation. Poster presented at the European Diabetic Foot Conference.
Konroth, S. G., Franco, E., Linczer, J. A. M., Myers, J. H., McLeod, B. A., & Ennis, W. J. (2019). A preliminary report on microvascular imaging in wound care. Poster presented at the American College of Wound Healing and Tissue Repair.
Landsman, A., & Sowa, M. (2019). SnapshotNIR, a handheld system for noninvasive measurement of transcutaneous hemoglobin oxygenation. Poster presented at the Diabetic Foot Conference (DFCon).
Sowa, M. (2019). SnapshotNIR: A handheld multispectral imaging system for tissue viability assessment. In Photonics and Education in Measurement Science. Proceedings of SPIE, 11144, 111440B. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.2533751
2018
Aung, B. J. (2018). Multispectral oxygenation imaging-assisted wound debridement. Poster presented at the Symposium of Advanced Wound Care – Fall.
Hoffman, B., Niezgoda, J. A., Rybakowicz, R. L., & Niezgoda, J. (2018). Can near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) replace transcutaneous oximetry in the clinical management of compromised wounds? Poster presented at the American Professional Wound Care Association.
Landsman, A., Barnhart, D., & Sowa, M. (2018). Near-infrared spectroscopy imaging for assessing skin and wound oxygen perfusion. Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery, 35(18), 343–355. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cpm.2018.05.004
Landsman, A. (2018). Near-infrared spectroscopy & predicting the likelihood of future wound healing. Today’s Wound Clinic®, 12(1), 12–14.
Landsman, A., & Stachel, R. (2018). New approaches for evaluating patients with DFUs. Podiatry Management, 67–72.
Lepow, B. D., & Singh, A. (2018). Cutting edge treatments for diabetic foot management. Podiatry Management, 67–72.
2017
Godkin, D. (2017). Kent Imaging says its device is the first line of defense in wound and tissue analysis. BioWorld MedTech, 21(211).
2016
Bowen, R. E., Treadwell, G. R. N., & Goodwin, M. R. R. T. (2016). Correlation of near-infrared spectroscopy measurements of tissue oxygen saturation with transcutaneous pO₂ in patients with chronic wounds. SM Vascular Medicine, 1(2), 1006.
Sowa, M., Kuo, W. C., Ko, A., & Armstrong, D. (2016). Review of near-infrared methods for wound assessment. Journal of Biomedical Optics, 21(9), 091304-1–091304-17. https://doi.org/10.1117/1.JBO.21.9.091304
vascular
2023
Reiter, H., & Andersen, C. (2023). Near-infrared spectroscopy with a provocative maneuver to detect the presence of severe peripheral arterial disease. Journal of Vascular Surgery International. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvsi.2023.100288
2022
Geskin, G., Mulock, M. D., Tomko, N. L., D’Asta, A., & Gopalakrishnan, S. (2022). Effects of lower limb revascularization on the microcirculation of the foot: A retrospective study. Diagnostics, 12(1320). https://doi.org/10.3390/diagnostics12061320
2019
Fife, C., & Gitterle, M. (2019). Vascular assessment enters the 21st century. Today’s Wound Clinic®, 13(12), 12–17.
Gopalakrishnan, S., Niezgoda, J., Hoffman, B., Siddique, S., & Niezgoda, J. A. (2019). Using near-infrared spectroscopy imaging to manage critical limb ischemia. Today’s Wound Clinic®, 13(9), 12–15.
2018
Arnold, J. (2018). Is there adequate perfusion for healing? What routine noninvasive vascular studies are missing? Wounds, 30(9), E89–E92.
Niezgoda, J. A., Hoffman, B., Rybakowicz, R. L., Siddique, A., & Niezgoda, J. (2018, September). Novel utilization of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) imaging demonstrating the clinical efficacy of arterial endovascular intervention. Poster presented at the American Professional Wound Care Association.
Surgical
2024
Hill, W. F., Kinaschuk, K., & Temple-Oberle, C. (2024). Intraoperative near-infrared spectroscopy can predict skin flap necrosis. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38533520/
2023
George, R. E., Elwood, E. T., & Jones, G. E. (2023). Indocyanine green angiography overpredicts postoperative necrosis compared to multispectral reflectance imaging. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 151(3), 412e-419e. Retrieved from https://journals.lww.com/plasreconsurg/abstract/2023/03000/indocyanine_green_angiography_overpredicts.21.aspx
Moritz, W. R., Daines, J., Christensen, J. M., Myckatyn, T., Sacks, J. M., & Westman, A. M. (2023). Point-of-care tissue oxygenation assessment with SnapshotNIR for alloplastic and autologous breast reconstruction. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery–Global Open, 11(7), e5113. Retrieved from https://journals.lww.com/prsgo/fulltext/2023/07000/point_of_care_tissue_oxygenation_assessment_with.11.aspx
Zulbaran-Rojas, A., Bara, R. O., Lee, M., Flores-Camargo, A., Mishra, R., Winocour, S., … & Najafi, B. (2023). Optimizing tissue oxygenation in reduction mammoplasty: The role of continuous diffusion of oxygen: A feasibility pilot randomized controlled trial. Journal of Surgical Research, 292, 113-122. Retrieved from https://www.journalofsurgicalresearch.com/article/S0022-4804(23)00342-6/fulltext00342-6/fulltext)
2021
George, R. (2021). Indocyanine green angiography overpredicts postoperative necrosis compared to multispectral reflectance imaging in a prospective cohort of patients undergoing breast reconstruction. Paper presented at the American Society of Plastic Surgeons Plastic Surgery Meeting (ASPS), 32754.
2020
Hill, W. F., Webb, C., Monument, M., McKinnon, G., Hayward, V., & Temple-Oberle, C. (2020). Intraoperative near-infrared spectroscopy correlates with skin flap necrosis: A prospective cohort study. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Global Open, 8, e2742. Retrieved from http://www.prsglobalopen.com/
Rammos, C. K., et al. (2020). The use of multispectral imaging in DIEP free flap perforator selection: A case study. PRS Global Open. Retrieved from https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7722545/
Safran, T., Al-Halabi, B., Viezel-Mathieu, A., Boileau, J. F., & Dionisopoulos, T. (2020). Direct-to-implant, prepectoral breast reconstruction: A single-surgeon experience with 201 consecutive patients. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 145(4), 686e-696e.
2018
Hayward, A., Campbell, E., & Temple-Oberle, C. (2018). A novel, non-invasive technique for assessing tissue perfusion in flap reconstruction. Poster presented at the Canadian Society for Plastic Surgery.
Jones, G., Yoo, A., Sowa, M., & King, V. (2018). Comparison of multispectral reflectance imaging and indocyanine green angiography. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery Global Open, 10(PSTM 2018 Abstract Supplement), 234-235. Retrieved from http://www.prsglobalopen.com/
Landsman, A., Melick, G., & Pundu, A. (2018). Intra-articular calcaneal fractures: A literature review of atraumatic incisional considerations. Clinics in Podiatric Medicine and Surgery, 36(19), 185-195.
2017
Landsman, A., & Barnhart, D. (2017). Predicting wound closure and flap viability using near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS). Poster presented at the Symposium of Advanced Wound Care Spring 2017.
OTHER USE CASES
2024
Barnhart, H., Aviles, F. Jr., Pannunzio, J., Sirkis, N., Hubbard, C., Hardigan, P., Ginsburg, S., Mayrovitz, H., Eckert, K. A., & Melin, M. M. (2024). Using noninvasive imaging to assess manual lymphatic drainage on lymphatic/venous responses in a spaceflight analog. NPJ Microgravity, 10(1), 93. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41526-024-00429-w. Retrieved from https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39362907/
Müller-Seubert, W., Cai, A., & Horch, R. E. (2024). Application of near infrared spectroscopy to enhance safety and individualize distraction of severely contracted joints in far-advanced Dupuytren’s disease. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 13(14), 4025. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm13144025. Retrieved from https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/13/14/4025
2023
Zulbaran-Rojas, A., Lee, M., Bara, R. O., Flores-Camargo, A., Spitz, G., Finco, M. G., … & Najafi, B. (2023). Electrical stimulation to regain lower extremity muscle perfusion and endurance in patients with post-acute sequelae of SARS CoV-2: A randomized controlled trial. Physiological Reports, 11(5), e15636. https://doi.org/10.14814/phy2.15636. Retrieved from https://physoc.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.14814/phy2.15636
2020
Jones, G. E., Yoo, A., King, V. A., Sowa, M., & Pinson, D. M. (2020). Snapshot multispectral imaging is not inferior to SPY laser fluorescence imaging when predicting murine flap necrosis. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, 145(1), 85e-93e.
2019
AI Global Media. (2019). Kent Imaging: Innovative imaging ingenuity. Acquisition International, 10, 33.
2018
Jones, G., Yoo, A., King, V., Sowa, M., & Pinson, D. (2018). A prospective blinded evaluation of Snapshot multispectral imaging and SPY laser fluorescence imaging of flap viability in a rat flap model. Paper presented at the American Society of Plastic Surgeons: The Meeting.
Med Tech Outlook editorial staff. (2018). Kent Imaging: The next wave in medical imaging technology. MedTech Outlook Top 10 Medical Imaging Solution Providers 2018 – Editors Choice, 24-25.
2017
Fischer, J. (2017). FDA gives green light to Kent Imaging’s perfusion imaging device, KD203. DOTMed Health Care Business Daily News. Retrieved from https://www.dotmed.com/news/story/39822
Jalil, B., Hartwig, V., Salvetti, O., Potì, L., Gargani, L., Barskova, T., Cerinic, M. M., & L’Abbate, A. (2017). Assessment of hand superficial oxygenation during ischemia/reperfusion in healthy subjects versus systemic sclerosis patients by 2D near infrared spectroscopic imaging. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 155, 101–110.
Trivella, M. G., Piersigilli, A., Bernini, F., Pelosi, G., Burchielli, S., Puzzuoli, S., Kusmic, C., & L’Abbate, A. (2017). Percutaneous cardiac support during myocardial infarction drastically reduces mortality: Perspectives from a swine model. International Journal of Artificial Organs, 40(7), 338-344.
2015 and earlier
2015
Hartwig V, Luna Gargani MM, Barskov T, Giovanna M, Cerinic MM, L’Abbate A. Two-dimensional near infrared spectroscopic imaging of the hand to assess microvascular abnormalities in systemic sclerosis: a pilot study. Journal of Near Infrared Spectroscopy. 2015;23:59-66.
Hartwig V, Marinelli M, Rocco F, L’Abbate A. Assessment of microvascular function using near-infrared spectroscopic 2D imaging of whole hand combined with vascular occlusion test. J. Med. Biol. Eng. 2015. DOI 10.1007/s40846-016-0114-3.
Jalil B, Salvetti O, Potì L, Hartwig V, Marinelli M, L’Abbate A. Near infrared image processing to quantitate and visualize oxygen saturation during vascular occlusion. Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine. 2015;126:35-45.
Livingston M. Multispectral oximetry imaging readings with associated healing trajectory. On file with Kent Imaging. 2015.
2012
Sowa MG. Correlation analysis of oxygenation measurements made with the Kent Camera and the Vioptix Oximeter. National Research Council of Canada. 2012.
Sowa MG. Optical methods for measuring tissue perfusion during surgery; something to (use) dye for? A tale of two FDA Approved devices. SPEC Shedding New Light on Disease. 2012.
2009
Cross KM, Leonardi L, Gomez M, Friesen RJ, Levasseur MA, Schattka BJ, Sowa MG, Fish JS. Non-invasive measurement of edema in partial thickness burn wounds. J Burn Care Res. 2009;30:807–817.
2008
Gussakovsky E, Ilkina O, Yang Y, Kupriyanov V. Hemoglobin plus myoglobin concentrations and near infrared light pathlength in phantom and pig hearts determined by diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. Analytical Biochemistry. 2008;382:107–115.
2007
Cross KM, Leonardi L, Payette JR, Gomez M, Levasseur MA, Schattka BJ, Sowa MG, Fish JS. Clinical utilization of near-infrared spectroscopy devices for burn depth assessment. Wound Repair Regen. 2007;15(3):332-340.
McKenna JA, Pabbies A, Friesen JR, Kohlenberg E, Leonardi L, Sowa MG, Hayakawa T, Kerr PD. Near infrared spectroscopy in the assessment of rat epigastric fasciocutaneous flap perfusion. National Research Council of Canada. 2007.
2006
Sowa MG, Leonardi L, Payette JR, Cross KM, Gomez M, Fish JS. Classification of burn injuries using near infrared spectroscopy. J Biomed Opt. 2006;11(5):054002.
2005
Levasseur MA, Leonardi ML, Payette JR, Kohlenberg E, Sowa MG, Fish JS, Cross K, Gomez M. Near infrared hyperspectral imaging: the road traveled to a clinical burn application. Photonics North. 2005;59691O-59691O.
Payette JR, Kohlenberg E, Leonardi L, Pabbies A, Kerr P, Liu KZ, Sowa MG. Assessment of skin flaps using optically based methods for measuring blood flow and oxygenation. Plast Reconstr Surg. 2005;115(2):539-546.
2004
Kupriyanov V, Nighswander-Rempel S, Xiang B. Mapping regional oxygenation and flow in pig hearts in vivo using near-infrared spectroscopic imaging. J Mol Cell Cardiol. 2004;37:947–957.
2002
Attas M, Posthumus T, Schattka BJ, Sowa MG, Mantsch H, Zhang SL. Long wavelength near-infrared spectroscopic imaging for in-vivo skin hydration measurements. Vib Spectrosc. 2002;28:37-43.
2001
Attas M, Hewko MD, Payette JR, Posthumus T, Sowa MG, Mantsch HH. Visualization of cutaneous hemoglobin oxygenation and skin hydration using near infrared spectroscopic imaging. Skin Res Tech. 2001;7:238-245.
Sowa MG, Leonardi ML, Payette JR, Mantsch HH. Near infrared spectroscopic assessment of hemodynamic changes in the early post-burn period. Burns. 2001;27:241-249.
2000
Abdulrauf BM, Stranc MF, Sowa MG, Germscheid SL, Mantsch HH. Novel approach in the evaluation of flap failure using near infrared spectroscopy and imaging. Can J Plast Surg. 2000;8:68-72.
Leonardi ML, Sowa MG, Payette JR, Mantsch HH. Near infrared spectroscopy and imaging: a new approach to assess burn injuries. Am Clin Lab. 2000;19:22-24.
1999
Payette JR, Sowa MG, Germscheid SL, Stranc MF, Abdulrauf B, Mantsch HH. Non-invasive diagnostics: predicting flap viability with near-IR spectroscopy and imaging. Am Clin Lab. 1999;18:4-6.
Sowa MG, Payette JR, Hewko MD, Mantsch HH. Visable – near infrared imaging of the rat dorsal skin flap. J Biomed Opt. 1999;4:474-48.
Sowa MG, Payette JR, Mantsch HH. Near infrared spectroscopic assessment of tissue hydration following surgery. J Surg Res. 1999;86(1):62-69.
1998
Mansfield JR, Sowa MG, Payette JR, Abdulrauf B, Stranc MF, Mantsch HH. Tissue viability by multispectral near infrared imaging: a fuzzy C-means clustering analysis. IEEE Trans Med Imaging. 1998;6:1011-1018.
Stranc MF, Sowa MG, Abdulrauf B, Mantsch HH. Assessment of tissue viability using near infrared spectroscopy. Br J Plast Surg. 1998;51:210-217.
1997
Jackson M, Sowa MG, Mantsch HH. Infrared spectroscopy: a new frontier in medicine. Biophys Chem. 1997;68:109-125.
Sowa MG, Mansfield JR, Scarth GB, Mantsch HH. Non-invasive assessment of regional and temporal variations in tissue oxygenation by near-infrared spectroscopy and imaging. Appl Spectrosc. 1997;51(2):143-151.